Kallipolis: the City of the Ideal

Around the time of 380 BCE, a philosopher by the name of Plato wrote one of his most famous works: The Republic. Within the text of this dialogue, Socrates and his fellow conversationalists discuss a morally and socially sensitive issue: what, per se, is justice? Throughout the work, there were several definitions ranging from â€Å"the power of the strong† to â€Å"rewarding good and punishing evil. † To help bring clarity to their discussions, Socrates proposes that in order to discover justice as a concept, they must apply it holistically as opposed to an individualistic, circumstantial criteria.In order to accomplish this, the group imagines what the ideal city would be like. In this ideal place, there would be three classes of people (producers, auxiliaries, and guardians) which would told they have have a corresponding metal which makes up their soul. Bronze for the producers, silver for the auxiliaries, and gold for the guardians. Each class would be determined b y individual merit in accordance with what tasks they best perform. For example, if a man is best at digging ditches he will dig ditches for the rest of his life.Additionally, the members of one class can only produce children with members of the same class. The citizens of this city (a total of around 30,000 individuals) would all share wealth, food, and shelter communally. Several core virtues such as wisdom (through the guardians), courage (through the auxiliaries), and moderation (through all classes dwelling together peacefully) will be emphasized to help preserve justice. Socrates emphasizes that the goal is to make a city as good as possible so that the populace is as content as possible.The end-goal is not just to make one person as happy as possible. As a pupil of Socrates, Plato's construction of this ideal city, named Kallipolis, was much more than hypothesizing about mortar and stone. For Plato, Kallipolis was meant to reflect two drastically different things on two tota lly different levels. On the baser level, Kallipolis' inclusion of human virtues just as justice and moderation mirrors the individual. On the other side, Kallipolis also represents the entirety of the cosmos with its realm of infinite possibly and wondrous ideals.To Socrates and Plato, this city was a sociopolitical organization which allowed citizens to achieve their potential, serve the state, and live according to the absolute truths which govern our existence. Unfortunately, the ideal Kallipolis is just that: an ideal. It may be all well and good to construct an ideal city in the mind, but unfortunately this utopian system lacks a firm foundation in reality. Kallipolis is a utopia: an imagined society put forward by its author as better than any existing society, past or present.Specifically according to Plato, Kallipolis is not just a better city, but rather is the best city. This makes creating Kallipolis impossible because there was nothing to from the real-world to model it self after. This is what makes construction of a place like Kallipolis to hard to even pragmatically imagine. It is not that obscure for one to even assume that in actuality, Plato never meant for Kallipolis to be a reality, but rather to have it serve as a goal for other poleis or nation-states to model themselves after.Plato planned for the society described in his Republic to not just be a utopia, but to rather be the best utopia, making this ideal even more difficult to properly realize. If one were to look into his work, one would certainly see that Plato never advocates revolution or legislation to bring his Republic into existence. On the contrary, Plato knew that Kallipolis was an impossibility and that the Republic would only live on in the minds of those who read his works.His message was that if all individuals (be they king, peasant, or representative) were just, the ideal city would exist. Thus, people must strive on their own to better themselves if they ever wish to b ring about a better society overall. This is the beauty of Plato's theorem: it is impossible for this utopia to fail because this city is only actually meant to exist as the hypothetical dream of an aging philosopher. Because of this, Kallipolis was able to evade some of the stubborn realities existent on Earth.The purpose for this city is not necessarily to exist, but rather to be the ideal which the contemporary cities (such as Athens or Sparta) and the ruling bodies (the people or the aristocracy, respectively) may be judged. Instead of looking at other countries, cities, and nations which dwelled in the real world to compare one's city to, Plato thought it would be best if a city was compared to the ideal, Kallipolis. Even in modern times, Kallipolis is a suitable standard concerning how a society made of of many different factions can live harmoniously.Personally, it is my viewpoint that this city is just for a community, but unjust for the individual. For this, I would not wan t to live in a governing system such as this. It is reasonable to assume that Plato's city might not be so â€Å"ideal† in the 21st century world of digitalized information and civil liberties. Through a primitive eugenics program, avid informational censorship, and telling a â€Å"noble lie,† Kallipolis' people do not so much choose what they wish to accomplish as much as they are conditioned to perform what tasks must be done.The individual rights of the people are cast aside for the sake of the â€Å"greater good† in a very utilitarian system which contains a harsh pragmatism in its application. One needs to look no further than Nazi Germany, Socialist Russia, Fascist Italy, or Communist China to see the problems with this worldview and the mindset it supported. The end game for Plato's Republic is not so much to have citizens who ponder life's deeper meanings, but to rather have mindless drones performing the tasks they were instructed to do.Yet even with th ese numerous infractions against the core of humanity, the ruling body of Kallipolis is incredibly legitimate. The guardians (who are more than qualified for their positions) rule both effectively and efficiently for the sake of the nation-state. Overall, they provide the proper protection for their people and preserve their well being. The guardians attempt to honor the welfare and well-being of all citizens by promoting justice, striving for class harmony, and defending their people within the walls of their ideal polis.However, the flaw lies not in the people themselves, but rather in the system they were placed into. After all, such a sense of loyalty to homeland is desirable, but the system's cost to individuality and free will is simply too much. All Men have certain rights ordained to them at birth by nature (or whichsoever deity a people worships) which include a right to life, a right to liberty, and a right to property. Socrates' and Plato's Kallipolis strips away its citi zens' rights to such things, such as when it dictates an individual's lot from the beginning.First, a person's life will be channelled into one of three categories. Second, (and based on the category) that person will instructed only on what they will be doing the rest of their lives. Finally, he or she will share all personal possessions with others, losing a sense of identity one moment at a time. Kallipolis, with all of its peaceful and harmonious benefits, eliminates certain rights which were made self-evident long before Socrates or Plato ever lived. The elimination of those rights is unacceptable and ought not be tolerated.

Analytical Description of Players in Hamlet Essay

The significance of the players exceeds the sole purpose of entertainment, as each possesses the power to unveil the â€Å"occulted guilt† (3.2.75) and conscience of the King. Hamlet assumes the responsibility to advise these players with precise and adequate direction so that a â€Å"whirlwind of passion† (6) may not effectively separate Claudius from personally identifying with the play. Hamlet’s enthusiastic approach toward direction may be so that he encourages the players to â€Å"suit the action to the word, the word to the/ action, with this special observance, that you o’erstep not/ the modesty of nature† (16-18). However, this exercise of caution may justify Hamlet’s too often delayed attempt toward the action of avenging his father’s murder. His direction confines him to the overflow of words as he experiences imprisonment within the truth of his own identity. Hamlet grants himself the opportunity to momentarily direct himself, yet it remains unknown as to whether he directs a representation of truth or a falsity. He exemplifies madness so well, as the sight of â€Å"a damned ghost† (77) insanely induces his imagination and comfortably transforms his identity to one of lunacy. This role he acquires is one he portrays so explicitly well as an actor that he easily utilizes it as the foundation for his players. He instructs the players: Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, Thus, but use all gently, for in the very torrent, tempest, And, as I may say, whirlwind of passion, you must acquire And beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. (4-7) Abstinence from overly dramatizing the actions of the play may be reflective of Hamlet’s character prior to his escape from true self: a once-lived life of normalcy focused more wholly on â€Å"smoothness† (7) rather than an uncontrolled â€Å"torrent, tempest, / †¦whirlwind of passion† (5-6). Hamlet’s direction of the players claims victory as Claudius abruptly arises and exclaims, â€Å"Give me some light. Away† (254)! Horatio’s observation of the King’s reaction confirms his guilt-inflamed conscience as he was forced to witness the reenactment of his brother’s murder. Hamlet, relieved, reveals, â€Å"I’ll take the ghost’s word for a thousand/ pound† (271-272). The ghost is officially trustworthy as the King’s reaction encourages Hamlet to journey further toward his mission of avenging the death of his father. Any form of immediate action is ignored when Hamlet wrestles Polonius with false visions of psychosis as he inquires, â€Å"Do you see yonder cloud that’s almost in shape of a / camel† (355-356)? Hamlet’s separation from action invites a sense of fear that intensifies his madness and entangles his entire self in nothing more than the mere use of words. It is his words that camouflage the notion that his own conscience may be afflicted with an overpowering sense of guilt. Even though Hamlet’s accurate direction of the players did celebrate success as it illustrated the guilt of the King’s conscience, Hamlet’s identity remains in crisis as he continues to revel in his words. His speech reveals his craving for action: ‘Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn and hell itself (breathes) out Contagion to this world. Now could I drink hot blood, And do such (bitter business as the) day Would quake to look on. (367-371) The claim that he is prepared to engage in necessary action remains solely a claim as Hamlet’s burden of self-loathing dominates his internal struggle. He may fear the truth of his identity, as he is horrified by the realism included in the players’ precise portrayal of his own life in actuality.

A Global Language English Language Essay

A Global Language English Language Essay A  global language,  is a  language  spoken internationally, which is learned by many people as a  second language, the most popular one being English. A wide range of the lexical units in the English language were taken from German, Latin, French and other European countries. A large portion of the word borrowing uses as main source the French language justifying English language affinity for foreign words as well as mixed vocabulary. Crystal D. (2003: 7-10) argues that Languages have a strong relation between dominance and cultural power. The main reason that the languages exist is because of a strong power-base, political and military or economic. Linguists argues whether the simplicity of the English language is the main reason of it becoming a global language. Generally, nothing is considered to be easy. It generally depends on who the learner is. Ellis suggested that success depends on the learner and not on the language that one is learning. Some factors that have a significant role in making a person learn a foreign language are his motivation, age, aptitude, cognitive style and personality. While learning another language one can observe that some languages appear to be more difficult than others. There are some languages that have almost the same patterns or similar soundings of the words which make them simpler to remember and learn. For example Greek has many similar words with Italian. However, there are languages that have a rough pronunciation or spelling and they are not similar to any other languages, like for example German. English is a very effective language, that it is proved by the many native and non-native speakers all over the world. According to David Crystal (2003) â€Å"Statistics suggest that nearly a quarter of the world’s population is already fluent or content in English†. For example, Chinese has more native speakers, however it is a more complicated language in terms of grammar, verbs, meaning of the w ords, etc. However, some linguists have different points of view as to weather a language becoming global depends on the number of people speaking it . Crystal D. (2002: 7-10) claims that †Why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it†. Furthermore, English can help one to express various meanings. That is happening because English language not only has a lot of words with different meanings but also has various different types of syntax which help the speakers to be more accurate and to give more emphasis to a particular point if it is needed. Another interesting point is that the writing of English language is simple. There are even languages that have hundreds of letters in their alphabets that could have a different meaning when pronounced differently, like Chinese. The Roman alphabet is considered to be very easy to learn and surely much easier than the Chinese writing system which is very difficult for most people. Moreover, the Roman alphabet in English language is very phonetic, rather than character based, hence it can help to describe the actual sounds of words or phrases.

Play review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Play review - Essay Example The play has two major acts and one captivating finale. The first act involves a 20-year-old woman, Sophie, deeply in love with a man named Sky and happily engaged. However, she does not have the ability to go down the aisle with her father alongside because she does not know her. This leads to her endeavor of finding out her father. The second act involves Sophie in a dilemma as to who her father is after three possible candidates show up all willing to accompany her down the aisle (Craymer 127). The performance was enchanting from the manner in which the actors brought out the plot in a sophisticated yet simple manner to understand. The way in which facial expressions of the actor playing Sophie’s role appeared was rather interesting. This is from the diverse moods that the plot offers with regard to Sophie. There were those times according to the plot when Sophie was happy and exhilarated like spending time with her fiancà © and there are those confused and sad moments where she has no idea what to do having in mind that the wedding is nearing and that she is yet to identify her real father. All these different situations were offered a rather exclusive and comprehensive approach through facial expressions and stage maintenance not only by the main cast but also by the support characters making the play exquisite. However, the manner in which the vocals of the actors were presented was rather unsatisfactory. This is from the fact that the actors did not fully explore their full potential. This is further revealed from the manner in which the cast did not change their vocal cords in relation to the specific scenes that they were acting. Some of the scenes required intonation such as the point where Sophie was angry with the three probable fathers for not being honest enough to let the real one stand out. At this point, the intonation was supposed to be high with rage but the actor taking Sophie’s role appeared

Employee Incentive Plan Evaluation at XYZ Industries Essay

Employee Incentive Plan Evaluation at XYZ Industries - Essay Example The Company will implement a new incentive plan, the details of which are given in the following sections. The plan will be reviewed after a period of twelve months. Objective: To become the leading provider of blood bags in North America. Types of incentives proposed: Incentive plans are broadly classified into three groups, namely those for individuals, groups, and the enterprise (Bohlander & Snell, 2010, 455). Individual incentives: a. Hourly pay of $5 per hour with a maximum of $10 a day (five working days). Every employee is eligible. b. Sales incentive – 25 cents per bag, for exceeding targets for sales and marketing staff. There is no limit on the amount that can be earned. c. Bonuses – Thirty percent of basic pay for all employees twice a year (employees are at liberty to choose the time, but needs to provide one month’s advance notice. d. ... cturing and packing (Note – the company has excess production capacity and aims to achieve a 30 percent increase in sales this year) Enterprise incentives: a. The Company is planning to go public and is planning to introduce 100,000 shares in February 2011. It is expected the value of each share will be approximately $7. Of these, thirty percent will be held by the owners, fifteen percent will be given as employee ownership, and the rest be made public. Employees are not allowed to sell the shares to the public for a minimum period of five years. It is hoped that full cooperation from all employees and departments will be there for the successful implementation of the incentive plan. Review of the bonus plan: A review of the effectiveness of the plan was made after a period of fifteen months in June, 2011. The gap of an additional three months (plan introduced in January 2010). This was to assess the impact of the stock ownership plan which was planned in February 2011, as men tioned in the incentive plan. The review was conducted by the human resources manager, Mr A. as he had a good rapport with all employees. This was the first time that a relatively comprehensive incentive plan was introduced. Previously, only the group bonus plan was in operation. Hence the employees were willing to cooperate until the period of review was over. Moreover they were happy that they could obtain additional compensation when compared to previous years. But the following drawbacks were noted after discussions, which need to be looked into by the management and implemented as far as possible. The company did achieve it target of thirty percent increase in sales. With regard to the sales and marketing personnel had the following complaints especially from the top performers who

Life in Vietnam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life in Vietnam - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, U.S gradually began to pull out its forces in 1969 when the war seemed continuous (Oraclethinkquest, n.d). Further, it states that Vietnamese fought France for control over Vietnam during the first stages of war. At this time, French were the colony of Vietnam. Vietnamese won and that is why there was north and South Vietnam. Harry S Truman had a strategy that the united state must aid any state susceptible by communists. The next three president of the US adopted Truman’s policy and they thought that if one of the southeast states surrendered to the communist, they would all fall one after another. In April 1967, Martin Luther King condemned American for taking part in the Vietnam War, the liberals’ war. Vietnam War had already and would go on to intersect with the forceful political and social era movements. However, the New York king sermon which was more striking and clearly developed the customs in which civil rights, issues in Vietnam, class at home, race, and the inadequacy and guarantee of liberalism were structured than other episodes in the 1960s (Buzzanco, 1999). The king was very sure that there was a connection between the US war in Vietnam and the fight against poverty at home and struggle for civil right. Vietnam’s government was displaying insincerity in racial matters, as African-Americans and other minorities in the early years of war were dying in extremely high percentage though only small proportion of the population was accounted for. This was the time when the United states begun sending solders and resources into Southeast Asia. The king wa tched the military commit equality and domestic justice. Vietnam generated the biggest mass remonstration movement in the US history. The war forestalled civil right growth and anti-poverty and radicalized movements related with those issues; uncovered the restrictions of liberal reform; helped bring other movements into existence, like liberation of women or the

Financial Analysis BMW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Analysis BMW - Essay Example For example the 2011 and 2012 financial reports shows that the company had a toatl of â‚ ¬27,038 million and â‚ ¬30,295 million respectively for the equity attributed to shareholders of BMW. In the year 2011, 28.9% of the shareholders equity contributede to the company toatal capiatl while in the year 2012 , 30.4% of the shareholders equity contributed to the company total capital contribution. The debt of the company is managed through a fixed debt ratio of capital . Therefore, the company debt ratios for the year 2011 and 2012 are maintaind at a fixed rate of a bout 70% or 0.70 The BMW debt ratios are effective since they are bellow 100% which is the maximum limit the ratio , the company debt ratio further fall bellow 80% that is set by many companies hence this is a positive figure for the BMW company. the debt ratio is relative lower compared to TVS motors company that has debt –equity ratios of 0.79 for the year 2011. This is shows that the BMW company ismore competive in the market and cannot under go recervership or liquadation. BMW company uses both operating and financial lease.the lease arrangement policy enables the customers of the company to iether have an option of buying the vehicle or lease it for a fixed pertiod of time as stated in the company leasing policy. Customers are given the oportunities under lease programe to drive a BMW vehicle of his or her choice for a fixed period of time in return for a pre-determined lease rental where the customers have the oportunities to iether retain the vehicle at a pre-determine price or return it to the BMW company. Under finance lease; the customer has a flexible chance of choosing a new BMW that best suits their driving interest and lifestyle needs. The contract tenure can range from 12 months to 48 months with an option to buy at the end of the lease or return thec vehicle. During the finance leasing period, the payment can be

Art in America - Abstract Expressionism Research Paper

Art in America - Abstract Expressionism - Research Paper Example The paper "Art in America - Abstract Expressionism" investigates the important style of American style, abstract expressionism. The movement was unregistered but strong. Some of its members included: Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), Willem de Kooning (1904–1997), Franz Kline (1910–1962), Lee Krasner (1908–1984), Robert Motherwell (1915–1991), William Baziotes (1912–1963), Mark Rothko (1903–1970), Barnett Newman (1905–1970), Adolph Gottlieb (1903–1974), Richard Pousette-Dart (1916–1992), Clyfford Still (1904–1980). All these members were committed to the audacious formal inventions in searching for significant substance. Their objective was to break away from normal subject matter and technical conventions. Their artistic works included head stoned scales works that were created to reflect their personal psyches. Doing this helped them to tap into worldwide inner sources. These artists attributed a lot of importa nce to spontaneity and improvisation as process accorded the highest significance. Their works resisted stylistic classifications, but emphasised on dynamism and energetic gesture rather than reflective and cerebral focus on color. Abstracts acted primarily as their imageries. Highly abstracted modern art was favored by the group even when depicting images founded on visual realities. Abstract expressionism is not a specific style within abstract art, but an American group or artists rebelled and formed an independent group which would give them a favorable environment.

MARKETING PRINCIPLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARKETING PRINCIPLES - Essay Example Take for example the case of Inotada Knife Productions in Sakai-City, Japan. This firm produces extremely high quality, hand made kitchen knives, in very love volume and as such represents a behavioral segmentation. As it is the case that there are many manufacturers of knives across the globe many of which are much cheaper it could be argued that the reasoning behind why a company such as Inotada can stay successful is because the firm focuses on the product and not on marketing or planning. As it is the case that the company is already producing a high quality product in relatively low volumes one could argue that this strategy was already employed by the firm. As highlighted in the case, after PKD was no longer a supplier to major retailers such as Brown Thomas it became the case that the primary delivery method of his product offerings was through cold calling, trade shows, and a small amount of advertising and as a result the majority of his orders are between 300 and 1,500 euros mainly to boutiques. However it is the case that this may exert a greater level of control of PKD over its product offerings it may not be the best method for profitable growth. By ignoring a marketing and planning approach, the company ignores possible cost saving strategies through economies of scale. Furthermore it is the case that PKD means nothing to people who have never heard of the brand as such it may be the case that the company should spend significant efforts at promoting the pr oduct through alternative means. Lastly it is the case that whilst PKD may be ignoring marketing and planning, many of their competitors are not. If it is the case that A Nigella Lawson branded house wares product is of similar quality and price but has a brand that is recognizable to consumers it may ultimately be the preferred choice. Question #2- This answer will ultimately provide

Uniformitarianism & Catastrophism Essay Example for Free

Uniformitarianism Catastrophism Essay Catastrophism refers to the idea that the features on the surface of the earth have been formed by natural disasters that occurred in the past. Contrary to this, uniformitarianism explains how geological processes taking place today in like ways, explain all geological processes on the earth, hence today‘s activities determine yesterday’s activities. It overlooks any chances of past occurrences impacting on the earth surface. Catastrophism seems to have tangible, empirical evidence in which case the sedimentary layers of fossils and rocks piling on the earth surface tend to suggest past activities. Also, eruption of mountains such as Mt. St. Helens (1980) presently supports the catastrophic notion. The issue of rock record entails an area going through change as a result of geologic processes where original rocks transform physically as well as chemically before the rocks are laid down. Mt. St. Helens erupted in 1980 and according to the uniformitarianism view; such eruptions are as a result of rock transformation activities within the earth crust or due to water contained within the rocks, changing course. Also, the 2005 Pakistan earthquake which took life of more than eighty thousand citizens is thought to be as a result of rocks in the earth crust and the mantle sedimenting after long periods of activities in the past. The Indian Ocean tsunami which occurred in 2004 is attributable to rocks in the ocean undergoing physical as well chemical changes hence in the process; the surface of the ocean experienced the forces, in form of huge, powerful waves (Craig, 1983). Reference Craig, C. (1983). Uniformitarianistic linguistics, Stonington: Benjamins.

Development of a Free Source for Internet

Development of a Free Source for Internet Ebrahim Ali Otaif Suggestion for a free source for Internet for TTC The project aims to provide a new way to give the internet for Technical Trainers College for free and design it and build it for them. The data will be collected from the research websites and finished the survey in these websites. The target group of my project is the poor students in TTC also the poor staff in TTC. The collected data it will be analyzed and show to the students with reasons. The design method will be tested throughout the interviewing be the experts and the students. The expected result is to provide solving a problem for internet for TTC. 1.1. Key words: Development a free source for Internet Enhancing a free source for internet Improvement internet source Providing a free source for internet Introduction of a free source for internet Found a free source for internet Create a free source for internet Try a free source for internet Made a free source for internet Modify a free source for internet Example of a free source for internet Design a free source for internet Build a free source for internet Test a free source for internet Planning a free source for internet Manage a free source for internet Increase the ways of a free source for internet Change the ways of a free source for internet Choose a way of a free source for internet Implement a free source for internet Giving the internet for everyone will result in significant improvements in other key areas including social, cultural, political and global peace Emdad Khan (2011). For many people, the internet has become such a pervasive, fundamental part of daily life and business that it is hard to fathom that over 4 billion people more than 55% of the worlds population are still not online Many of those simply do not have access: they live in hard-to-reach rural areas or do not have digital or other basic infrastructure. Some simply do not see the benefits of being connected, often because of limited relevant digital content. Others are illiterate; many are poor.(The Boston Consulting Group, 2017) Figure 1: Twenty countries are home to three-quarters of the 4.3 billion internet non-users of internet. 2.1. Keywords: Part of daily life Do not have access Basic infrastructure Many are poor 2.2. Main ideas based on key words: Improve part of our daily life Proved internet access Replace the basic infrastructure Help the people Nowadays the internet is importing rescuers to our live that help the user on everything and make his job easy. There are many students or staff at TTC does not have access to the internet because they are poor or the Wi-Fi signal of the TTC is too bad. We should change our infrastructure from cabling on the ground to the air on the sky. Giving free internet to the poor people it helps in their life and makes them happy. (The Boston Consulting Group, 2016) There are many ways to deliver free internet and these ways come from different companies ideas, some companies are exploring the potential to solve coverage issues using satellites4everyone, balloons or stratospheric solar planes. Even if such solutions are speculative and for the long term, they deserve consideration and support from public authorities when necessary, such as accommodating airspace regulations and allocating suitable spectrum. (The Boston Consulting Group, 2016) The study of KATIKALA (2014) the aims of this paper to describes or overview about google Balloon that will powered Internet for everyone and the purpose of the idea how to provide the wireless network to remote areas to connect the people. The result of this study the balloon idea could be work and help countries to avoid the cost of underground infrastructure. The befits of this paper it helps me to know this idea and how it work and what the advantages if we use it. The study of PANDEY BHATTACHARYA (2014) they aims of this paper to show that traditional satellite systems along with the cellular networks it was great technology but the costs of equipments it was huge and cannot be done to everyone. The result of this study indicate that balloon with ad hoc mesh network It will enhance the current standard of living for the humans by giving Internet services. As previous studies mentioned the aim if this study is to provide a problem-solving. The idea here is to solve the problem of internet access for TTC students. The current study is going to answer the question of: Suggestion for a free source for Internet for TTC References Internet for Everyone: Reshaping the Global Economy by Bridging the Digital Divide, Emdad Khan (2011), 204 pages. The Boston Consulting Group (2016). Broadband Commission Special Session at the World Economic Forum: 21 January 2016, Davos, Switzerland. http://www.broadbandcommission.org/events/Pages/WEF-davos-2016.aspx   (Accessed on 17.01.2017) The Boston Consulting Group (2016). Internet for All A Framework for Accelerating Internet Access and Adoption, World Economic Forum White Paper. https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjm6OHutNvRAhXqHJoKHVOXCXUQFggZMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_Internet_for_All_Framework_Accelerating_Internet_Access_Adoption_report_2016.pdfusg=AFQjCNFys9KmT6kVUCXIgXREomiOVpEF3gsig2=B0QuojNrz2RIioAOJmkw   (Accessed on 17.01.2017) KATIKALA, S. (2014). GOOGLEà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ PROJECT LOON, RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, Volume 10, Number 2. PANDEY, M BHATTACHARYA, S. (2014). BALLOONED WIRELESS NETWORK FOR FREE INTERNET ACCESS, Vol. 4, Issue 2.

Karl Marx :: essays research papers fc

The Life of Karl Marx Karl Marx was one of the greatest thinkers ever. Studying law and philosophy, he became an important social philosopher and revolutionary. He influenced the lives of millions of people in generations well past his. A man of mystery in the democratic societies, Karl Marx led an interesting life of new ideas that would influence millions in the future. Karl Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 (Karl Marx). He was the eldest son of Heinrich and Hennrietta Marx. He was born in Trier, Germany. Karl was the oldest surviving boy of nine children (Coser). Heinrich Marx was a very successful and well-educated lawyer ("Marx, Karl", Britannica). Both parents were Jewish and descended from a long line of rabbis. About a year before Karl was born, Heinrich and Henrietta converted. Karl's Jewish background brought him some prejudice ("Marx, Karl", Encarta). The prejudices, which he may heave experienced in his early life, may have brought him to question the role of religion in society, which may have influenced his desire for social change. Marx was educated from 1830 to 1835 in his hometown ("Marx, Karl", Britannica). In October, 1835, he went off to college at the University at Bonn. Marx generally studied humanities (Coser). Marx left Bonn after a year and in October 1836. He then enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law and philosophy ("Marx, Karl", Grolier). Marx's studies were not his top priority here, and he soon found himself behind. He submitted an application to the university at Jena, which was known to have low standards in its academic requirements. Karl was accepted and received his degree in April of 1841("Marx, Karl", Encarta). Marx was only seventeen years of age when he got engaged. He engaged to Jenny von Westphalen in 1837. Marx's parents were very opposed to the engagement because of Marx's young age (Basgen). In January 1842 Marx began contributing to a newspaper newly founded in Cologne. It was called the Rheinische Zeitung. Cologne was the center of industries in Prussia ("Marx, Karl", Britannica). On October 15th, 1842, Marx became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung. He was required to write many editorials from a variety of social issues. He also wrote about the new phenomenon of communism ("Marx, Karl", Grolier). On June 19th, 1843, Karl Heinrich Marx was wedded to Jenny von Westphalen. The marriage took place seven years after their engagement (Marx).

In Support of Parenting Education Essay -- Child Development

In a perfect world, every child would be wanted and loved, and all parents would have the capacity and the desire to raise children who are healthy, mentally and physically strong, and displaying high moral integrity. Sadly, this is not the case. Some parents are, unfortunately, not much interested in what happens with their children. Other parents are not pleased with what is happening in the home with their children but do not know what to do to create effective change. Still other parents are unaware that there is another way, a better way, of parenting. Parent education could help in all of these scenarios. The literature demonstrates that parenting interventions improve the quality of the relationship parents have with the children as well as improving child social behavior (Scott, O’Connor, Furth, Mathias, Price, and Doolan 2010). Programs have been particularly effective when delivered to motivated, ethnic majority parents, but there has been little study of programs that serve as interventions aimed at preventing a wide range of poor outcomes associated with antisocial behavior, such as involvement in risky lifestyles, low school attainment, and a lack of satisfactory friendships (Scott et al.). There are, of course, problems associated with delivery of parenting programs; the greatest challenge is getting parents to participate when there is no mandate that they do so. Skilled personnel may be another issue; urban areas may have sufficient counselors and educators, but rural areas may not. A third issue is cost, although, as pointed out by Scott et al., â€Å"programs can i n theory be justified since in the long run they should reduce the high cost of antisocial behavior arising from increased use of services, higher levels... ...t effective when parents take an interactive part. Works Cited Brannon, Diana. â€Å"Character Education—a Joint Responsibility.† Education Digest 73.8 (2008): 56- 60. Parker, David C., Nelson, Jennifer S., and Burns, Matthew K. â€Å"Comparison of Correlates of Classroom behavior problems in schools with and without a school-wide character education program. Psychology in the Schools 47.8 (2010): 817-827. Reinberg, S. (2010). U.S. kids using media almost 8 hours a day. HealthDay News January 20, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday /635134.html Scott, Stephen; O’Connor, Thomas G.; Futh, Annabel; Mathias, Carla; Price, Jenny; and Doolan, Moira. â€Å"Impact of a Parenting Program in a High-Risk, Multi-Ethnic Community: the PALS Trial.† Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 51.12 (2010): 1331-1341.

Eliyahu M. Goldratts The Goal Essay -- Goldratt

The Goal Here are the principles behind the dramatic turnaround story in The Goal. The goal of a manufacturing organization is to make money. Jonah poses this as a question: "What is the goal?" and Rogo actually struggles with it for a day or two, but any manager or executive that can't answer that question without hesitation should be fired without hesitation. But then again, the goal isn't clear to everyone. One of the characters in the book, an accountant, responds to an offhand comment about the goal with a confused "The goal? You mean our objectives for the month?" That's sure to strike a chord with a lot of readers. At an operational level, measure your success toward the goal with these three metrics: Throughput - The rate at which the system generates money through sales. Inventory - The money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell. Operational expense - The money the system spends in order to turn inventory into throughput. You could rephrase it this way - and someone does, a bit later in the book: Throughput - Goods out; the money coming in. Inventory - Materials in; the money currently inside the system. Operational expense - Effort in; the money going out. Obviously, your job is to minimize expense and inventory and maximize throughput. Adjust the flow of product to match demand. In particular, don't trim capacity to match demand. It's a standard cost-cutting procedure, sure. But you'll need that capacity later, if you're serious about increasing throughput. Find bottlenecks. If manufacturing is what's limiting your throughput, then the problem isn't that people aren't working hard enough. You have bottlenecks in your manufacturing processes that are holding up everything else. Find the bottlenecks and do everything you can to fix them. Increase their efficiency, even at the expense of efficiency in non-bottleneck places, because the efficiency of a bottleneck directly determines the efficiency of the entire process, all the way through final payment. In the book, a variety of steps are taken to "elevate" and circumvent the bottlenecks. This is where the results start showing up on the bottom line. Soon the plant can actually use information from the bottleneck to do an effective job of scheduling work and (for the first time) reliably predicting when orders w... ...deas in novel form. There were already a dozen essays or articles on manufacturing management paradigms; you couldn't sell those. Novels sell better than essays. They're more readable. Once you realize that managers will buy thousands of copies of a "business novel" and make it required reading for their subordinates, a novel is the only way to go. (Also, The Goal was originally intended as marketing for Goldratt's plant management software company.) My main objection to The Goal is that it's fiction. Rogo makes a few changes, and his problems miraculously go away. It just works. Granted, the policies seem like good sense. But the unrealistic points are glossed over. Maybe plant managers in real life have the authority to adopt dramatic changes in the way they operate, the way Rogo did. Maybe it's easy to convince your top accountant that all his models are wrong, even though you have no accounting experience yourself. Maybe the average plant has an IT department that can create new scheduling software out of thin air in a few days. Maybe not. Goldratt claims a lot of real-life plant managers say they've turned The Goal into a documentary. That's a book I haven't read yet. Eliyahu M. Goldratt's The Goal Essay -- Goldratt The Goal Here are the principles behind the dramatic turnaround story in The Goal. The goal of a manufacturing organization is to make money. Jonah poses this as a question: "What is the goal?" and Rogo actually struggles with it for a day or two, but any manager or executive that can't answer that question without hesitation should be fired without hesitation. But then again, the goal isn't clear to everyone. One of the characters in the book, an accountant, responds to an offhand comment about the goal with a confused "The goal? You mean our objectives for the month?" That's sure to strike a chord with a lot of readers. At an operational level, measure your success toward the goal with these three metrics: Throughput - The rate at which the system generates money through sales. Inventory - The money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell. Operational expense - The money the system spends in order to turn inventory into throughput. You could rephrase it this way - and someone does, a bit later in the book: Throughput - Goods out; the money coming in. Inventory - Materials in; the money currently inside the system. Operational expense - Effort in; the money going out. Obviously, your job is to minimize expense and inventory and maximize throughput. Adjust the flow of product to match demand. In particular, don't trim capacity to match demand. It's a standard cost-cutting procedure, sure. But you'll need that capacity later, if you're serious about increasing throughput. Find bottlenecks. If manufacturing is what's limiting your throughput, then the problem isn't that people aren't working hard enough. You have bottlenecks in your manufacturing processes that are holding up everything else. Find the bottlenecks and do everything you can to fix them. Increase their efficiency, even at the expense of efficiency in non-bottleneck places, because the efficiency of a bottleneck directly determines the efficiency of the entire process, all the way through final payment. In the book, a variety of steps are taken to "elevate" and circumvent the bottlenecks. This is where the results start showing up on the bottom line. Soon the plant can actually use information from the bottleneck to do an effective job of scheduling work and (for the first time) reliably predicting when orders w... ...deas in novel form. There were already a dozen essays or articles on manufacturing management paradigms; you couldn't sell those. Novels sell better than essays. They're more readable. Once you realize that managers will buy thousands of copies of a "business novel" and make it required reading for their subordinates, a novel is the only way to go. (Also, The Goal was originally intended as marketing for Goldratt's plant management software company.) My main objection to The Goal is that it's fiction. Rogo makes a few changes, and his problems miraculously go away. It just works. Granted, the policies seem like good sense. But the unrealistic points are glossed over. Maybe plant managers in real life have the authority to adopt dramatic changes in the way they operate, the way Rogo did. Maybe it's easy to convince your top accountant that all his models are wrong, even though you have no accounting experience yourself. Maybe the average plant has an IT department that can create new scheduling software out of thin air in a few days. Maybe not. Goldratt claims a lot of real-life plant managers say they've turned The Goal into a documentary. That's a book I haven't read yet.

A Synopsis of Christopher Taggi’s Movie 95 Essay

Renowned American film producer Cecil B. DeMille once said, â€Å"What I have crossed out I didn’t like. What I haven’t crossed out I’m dissatisfied with.† (â€Å"Cecil B. DeMille Quotes.† brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct.2012.) This persistent feeling of dissatisfaction is suggested in Christopher Taggi’s â€Å"95,† in which the protagonist is discontent with his current life condition and keeps driving on the highway to look for better opportunities. In fact, the author points out that in contemporary society people are dissatisfied because of their insatiable desire for wanting more. This sad reality is illustrated by the protagonist’s parents, who are constantly moving from one place to another to try find opportunies, the protagonist Hank himself, who desires more than what he already has, and the highway that symbolizes people’s everlasting demand. The unfortunate fact of people feeling dissatisfied because of their avaricious desires is demonstrated by the characterization of Hank’s parents. When Hank was young, he and his parents were continually moving from here to there. His parents were never satisfied with what they had and were always looking for opportunities that would give them better jobs and make them wealthier and happier. From Hank’s descriptions of his father† touching things absently† (4) and† his eyes clouded with the nowhere stare,† (4) the author suggests that his father doesn’t enjoy his life. Also, when they stopped for food during car trips, Hank noticed that his father would only have a glass of water. Even if his father explained that: â€Å"No sense in buying something you don’t feel like eating,† (4) Hank knew that his parents were poor. This justifies his parents’ motivation of constantly moving. His father also used to say: â€Å"Opportunity, it makes people rich, makes people famous. All you have to do is go out there and find it.† (4) Contrary to what his parents believed, even after all the years of searching, they never found the right opportunity and obtained what they wanted. This suggests that Hank’s parents, like many people in modern society, will not find happiness because they live with insatiable desires and therefore will not get the feeling of satisfaction in their lives. The characterization of Hank himself also shows how people in the contemporary society always want more. For example, when Hank woke up from his dream about his socks, he realized that† nothing good or special or wonderful has happened to him.† (7) This shows that Frank is idealistic and has superfluous expectations in life. Also, Hank has a nice girlfriend who cares about him and loves him, but he still thinks about how he would leave her even though there are no reasons for him to do so. When his girlfriend asks him if he was happy, he says, â€Å"Sometimes I am. Mostly, I guess I just feel like I can’t be really happy. Just missing something important.† (7) Another passage would be when his girlfriend asked him if he likes her, he answered:†sometimes I like you and maybe I think I even love you a little. And sometimes I hate you.† (7) We can see that Hank is uncertain about his feelings for his girlfriend and if she is the person that he wants to be with. Those are typical examples of a person who is not sure about what he wants and believes that there is always something better waiting for him. The thing that is missing for Hank is simply appreciating what he already possesses. From this reasoning, it is clear that great numbers of people from the twentieth century are just like Hank, they can’t find happiness simply because they are insatiable. The highway is an important symbol used by the author to signify the notion that contemporary people are dissatisfied and always want more. Hank and his parents used to drive on the highway because they wanted more than what they have and the highway offered opportunities. When Hank is driving with his girlfriend on the highway, he sees many billboards that attract him. Especially one billboard on which was written† LUCKY LEO’S FIREWORK EMPORIUM, it boomed in explosive neon colors. LARGEST SUPPLY OF FIREWORKS IN ALL DIXIE! FREE PARKING and DELICIOUS RESTAURANT. 20Ml.† (4) However, when Hank finally gets there, all he finds is the emptiness of an abandoned place. He could see that â€Å"the largest supply of fireworks in all of Dixie must have gone off simultaneously a long time ago. Only the charred, outer brick shell of the building remained.† (5) This suggests that people like Hank, who always wish for more will often get disappointed by the reality and then again return to their initial state of dissatisfaction. The symbolism of the highway proves how people in contemporary society feel dissatisfied because of their everlasting demand. Thus, Christopher Taggi’s â€Å"95† suggests that people in the contemporary society are suffering from dissatisfaction. This is demonstrated by the characterization of Hank’s parents, who always try to find a better life, Hank himself, who is never satisfied with what he already has and the highway that symbolizes how people believe that better things are waiting for them. Work Cited Taggi,Christopher. â€Å"95.† Voices of the Xiled: A Generation Speakers For Itself. Eds. Michael Wexler and John Hulme. New York: Doubleday, 1994. 210-218. Print. â€Å"Cecil B. DeMille Quotes.† brainyquote.com. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012

Pathophysiology of COPD Essay

This assignment will explicate the pathophysiology of the disease procedure chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . It will analyze how this disease affects an single looking at the biological. psychological and societal facets. It will carry through this by mentioning to a patient who was admitted to a medical ward with an aggravation of COPD. Furthermore with aid of Gibbs theoretical account of contemplation ( as cited in Bulman & A ; Schutz. 2004 ) it will show how an experience altered an attitude. In conformity with the Nursing and Midwifery Council. ( NMC ) Code of Professional Conduct ( NMC. 2005 ) sing safeguarding patient information no names or topographic points will be divulged. Therefore throughout the assignment the patient will be referred to as John. John is a 57 twelvemonth old gentleman who has been married to Mavis for two old ages. John was admitted to the ward with terrible shortness of breath cough and inordinate phlegm production. By looking through Johnà ¢â‚¬â„¢s notes it was discovered this was an aggravation of COPD. To understand John’s status it is utile to look at how the normal respiratory system works. The map of the respiratory System is to provide the organic structure with O and take C dioxide ( Marieb. 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Waugh and Grant ( 2004 ) it besides helps keep organic structure temperature and extinguish extra H2O from the organic structure. The Respiratory system consists of the oral cavity. rhinal pit. throat. voice box. windpipe. bronchial tube and the lungs ( Seeley. Stephens & A ; Tate. 2000 ) . Air enters through either the oral cavity or olfactory organ which humidifies and cleans the air. ( Cohen & A ; Wood. 2000 ) unifying into a common chamber called the oropharynx ( Watson. 2000 ) . Air so leaves to the throat. a short. funnel-shaped tubing that transports air to the voice box ( Waugh & A ; Grant. 2004 ) . The air enters the voice box which is lined with mucose membrane and returns to the windpipe. which is formed of semi-circular gristle rings. The interior membrane of the windpipe contains hair cells and mucose cells which trap atoms and brush them toward the bronchial tube. The bronchial tube are besides lined with mucose membrane and ringed with gristle ( Marieb. 2004 ) . Each bronchial tube is lined with mucose membrane. ( Martini. 2000 ) and extends into a lung where it subdivides organizing smaller bronchioles ( Watson. 2000 ) . Bronchioles terminate with the air sac which are the functional units for gas exchange and are thin. moist and surrounded by capillaries ( Clancy & A ; McVicar 2001 ) . Inhaled air travels through these air passages to the air sac. Blood is pumped out of the bosom through the pneumonic arterias to the capillaries environing the air sac. ( Shaw. 2005 ) The O of the inhaled air diffuses out of the air sac into the blood. while C dioxide in the blood moves into the air sac to be exhaled ( Tortora & A ; Grabowskie. 2003 ) . The oxygen-rich blood is returned to the bosom through the pneumonic venas. The lungs can spread out and contract without clash during take a breathing due to the pleura. a thin membranous construction ( Tamir. 2002 ) . The splanchnic pleura surround the lungs. while the parietal pleura line the wall of the pectoral pit. These pleura are separated by a little fluid-filled infinite called the pleural pit. Ventilation requires work and before the lungs can go hyperbolic. a force per unit area alteration must take topographic point. The elastic belongingss of the lung let airing to take topographic point more expeditiously and the fluid in the pleural pit serves as a lubricator that allows the lungs to skid against the chest wall ( Marieb. 2004 ) . John notified the staff that he was diagnosed with COPD twelve months ago by his general practician ( G. P. ) . He added that he repeatedly went to his G. P. as he had been experiencing breathless. which was going worse and was present every twenty-four hours. more so when he exercised. This shortness of breath he revealed was accompanied by a cough alongside phlegm production. John’s G. P inquired if he smoked and how many. John informed him he has smoked around 30 coffin nails a twenty-four hours for 42 old ages. The physician so gave John a lung map trial utilizing a spirometer. John was notified by his General practitioner that he had COPD which. John was informed. was both chronic bronchitis and emphysema ( National Lung Health Education Program. 2005 ) . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) ( 2006A ) defines COPD as a disease province characterized by airflow restriction that is non entirely reversible. The airflow restriction is normally both progressive and associated with unnatural inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious atoms or gases. John’s chronic bronchitis is defined. clinically. as the presence of a chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 consecutive old ages. provided other causes of chronic cough have been ruled out. ( Mannino. 2003 ) . The British lung Foundation ( BLF ) ( 2005 ) announces that chronic bronchitis is the redness and eventual scarring of the liner of the bronchial tubing which is the account for John’s dyspnoea. The BLF ( 2005 ) believe that when the bronchial tube become inflamed less air is able to flux to and from the lungs and one time the bronchial tubings have been irritated over a long period of clip. inordinate mucous secretion is produced. This increased sputum cons equences from an addition in the size and figure of goblet cells ( Jeffery. 2001 ) ensuing in John’s inordinate mucous secretion production. The liner of the bronchial tubings becomes thickened and an annoying cough develops. ( Waugh & A ; Grant 2004 ) which is an extra symptoms that toilet is sing. Emphysema affects the parenchyma of the lung through devastation of the alveolar walls. taking to lasting expansion of air infinites distal to the terminal bronchioles ( Sandford. Weir & A ; Pare. 1997 ) . The walls between next air sac interrupt down. the alveoli canals dilate and there is loss of interstitial elastic tissue ( Watson. 2000 ) This consequences in dilatation of the lungs and loss of normal elastic kick. therefore pin downing and stagnancy of alveolar air ( National Emphysema Foundation. 2006 ) . As alveoli merge there is loss of surface country for gaseous exchange ( Alexander. Fawcett & A ; Runciman. 2004 ) ensuing in less O. This loss of country for gaseous exchange is an extra account for John’s dyspnoea. John was referred to the physical therapist to assist relieve his shortness of breath and mucous secretion production. Turner Foster & A ; Johnson ( 2005 ) pronounce physical therapists are cardinal members of the intercession squad. can education and give John practical counsel on how he can take a breath comfortably and efficaciously. ( United Kingdom Parliament. 2005 ) . Van der Schans. Postma. Koeter & A ; Rubin ( 1999 ) suggest physical therapists facilitate John’s mucous secretion conveyance by utilizing take a breathing techniques. percussion and postural drainage. Furthermore they can educate John on organic structure placement as this is cardinal with people with COPD ( Gosselink. 2003 ) . Additionally John was referred to the Occupational Therapist ( OT ) who assessed his current degree of fittingness and so formulated a plan of activities which will better his overall strength and staying power. The OT can besides give advice to John to pull off his status with the least hurt and break of day-to-day life ( Turner Foster & A ; Johnson 2005 ) . Furthermore the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) ( 2004 ) urge patient with COPD should be on a regular basis asked about their ability to set about activities of day-to-day life and how breathless they become when making these. John was informed that his COPD was perchance caused by smoking. Kanner ( 1996 ) believes that the major environmental factor of COPD is tobacco fume. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ( GOLD ) ( 2005 ) concurs and provinces cigarette smoke is by far the most of import hazard factor for COPD. This harmonizing to the National Heart Blood and Lung Institute ( NHLBI ) ( 2006 ) is because smoking irritates the lungs. which causes the air passages to go inflamed and narrowed. Additionally Verra. Escudier. Lebargy. Bernaudin. De Cremoux & A ; Bignon ( 1995 ) adds that enzymes released because of the redness breaks down elastin. the protein of import for structural unity of the lungs. making take a breathing air in and out of the lungs more hard ( NHLBI. 2006 ) However D’hulst. Maes. Bracke. Demedts. Tournoy. Joos & A ; Brusselle ( 2005 ) states non all tobacco users develop clinically important COPD. which suggests that familial factors must modify each individual’s hazard ( WHO. 2006B ) . John continues to smoke although he has reduced his consumption ; nevertheless NICE ( 2004 ) guidelines suggest all COPD patents who continue to smoke should be encouraged to halt. and offered aid to make so. at every chance because. smoking surcease is the individual most effectual manner to cut down the hazard of developing COPD and halt its patterned advance ( WHO. 2006B ) . John was encouraged to halt. given counsel on how to halt. was informed about a smoke surcease group that he could go to and in add-on offered nicotine spots ; nevertheless he refused and told staff that he would discontinue in his ain clip. John explained to the nurse that for the past few months he has been experiencing low. can non concentrate and has a deficiency of involvement in anything. he says he does non understand why he is experiencing this manner. Gross ( 2001 ) believes these symptoms could be a mark of depression. Harmonizing to Kunik. Roundy. Veazey. Souchek. Richardson. Wray & A ; Stanley ( 2005 ) many CODP patients develop psychological symptoms in add-on to physical ailments. Harmonizing to Kunik & A ; Densmore ( 2002 ) this is because of the nature of the disease and the fright of being breathless. The BLF ( 2005 ) concur and believe take a breathing trouble can incite anxiousness and depression. Other causes stated by Ohri & A ; Steiner ( 2004 ) include body image. increased solitariness. deficiency of societal support. and low self-pride. Kunik et Al ( 2005 ) study that depression and anxiousness are two to three times more prevailing in COPD patients than in the general population and the account f or this is because of the sustained and relentless feelings of defeat. hopelessness and weakness. John’s depressed temper could take down his degree of energy needed to get by with his chronic unwellness. which. in bend. could do his symptoms less tolerable. ( Singer. Ruchinskas. Riley. Broshek & A ; Barth. 2001 ) Depression besides can take to increased badness of John’s medical symptoms since feelings of depression can do a individual to be less active. and. in bend. may worsen physical impairment. which can escalate the psychosocially disabling effects of COPD ( Van Ede. Yzermans & A ; Brouwer. 1999 ) . However a survey by Engstrom. Persson. Larsson. Ryden & A ; Sullivan ( 1996 ) found that quality of life is non significantly affected in patients with mild to chair COPD. perchance due to get bying and/or pneumonic modesty capacity. John was given the chance to speak to a head-shrinker since mental wellness specializer can name depression and supply appropriate intervention. One intervention that was suggested was pneumonic rehabilitation. Mahler ( 1998 ) states these plans incorporate psychosocial and behavioural constituents. Emery. Leatherman. Burker & A ; MacIntyre ( 1991 ) agree and suggests that it can besides heighten cognitive operation and psychological wellbeing. Surveies by Withers. Rudkin & A ; White ( 1999 ) repeat this and demo that degrees of anxiousness and depression were significantly enhanced by pneumonic rehabilitation. John was 56 when he was diagnosed with COPD. He stated he was forced to take early retirement from his employment where he assisted in the fix. installing and care of H2O and sewer lines. This. he believes was because of the clip lost at work caused by his dyspnoea. Mavis declared she besides had to vacate from her portion clip occupation as a cleansing agent to take attention of John since she is his lone carer and is exhausted. Their income is from authorities benefits and a little pension and they say they are happening it hard to pull off on the sum of money they receive. Strassels. Smith. Sullivan. & A ; Mahajan ( 1987 ) reported that the typical COPD patient was more than 65 old ages old and had limited work loss straight related to his or her disease. However a survey by Tinkelman & A ; Corsello ( 2003 ) indicated that COPD is non merely a disease of the aged. They province a big per centum of patients with COPD are unable to work. and those who do work lose yearss as a conseq uence of their disease. This state of affairs they believe is of great concern to the single worker who may lose his occupation as a effect of inordinate absenteeism. Chronic unwellness and disablement are strongly category related ( Taylor & A ; Field 1993 ) and those in the lower socio-economic groups are the most affected. Smoking. the greatest hazard factor for COPD and exposure to occupational factors from manual unskilled occupations. such as excavation and foundry working are highest amongst males in the lower socio-economic groups ( Parnell. 2000 ) . COPD patients and their households tend to be members of this group and are frequently aged as symptoms become intrusive in the fifth and 6th decennaries of life which is John’s state of affairs. Webb & A ; Tossell ( 1999 ) maintain that pensions frequently reflect an individual’s category and societal position and as a consequence more adult females. retired manual workers and cultural minorities are disproportionately represented in old age as being on the borders of poorness. A trust on province benefits may be a effect if forced to retire early and carers may non be entitled to benefits in their ain right. The fiscal load is increased by the costs of disablement such as place changes and aid in the place or conveyance ( Young. 1995 ) . To assist John and Mavis a societal worker was involved who assisted with place attention aid when John was discharged so Mavis could hold some clip for herself. Additionally the OT was involved and provided equipment to assist John keep his independency ( Trombly & A ; Radomski 2000 ) . Although I was witting. through survey. other wellness professionals and through nurse preparation. that smoke can be damaging to wellness and can do diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease ( Newcomb & A ; Carbone 1992 ) atherosclerotic diseases ( McBride. 1992 ) and COPD ( British Thoracic Society. 1997 ) I was unwilling to give wellness publicity and smoke surcease advice since I smoke myself. Several surveies show that I am non entirely in this thought. Surveies by Dore & A ; Hoey ( 1998 ) and Adriaanse. Van Reek. Zandbelt & A ; Evers ( 1991 ) show that high smoke rates among some populations of nurses may decrease their willingness and effectivity as possible suppliers of smoking surcease attention. An extra survey by Nardini. Bertoletti. Rastelli. Ravelli & A ; Donner ( 1998 ) demonstrated that smoking wonts influence the attitude of wellness staff toward patient reding about baccy smoke. I considered that it was non my topographic point and felt hypocritical if I attempte d to give advice on halting smoke. On meeting John my feelings did non alter despite the fact that I could see the effects that COPD had on John’s external respiration. However on disbursement clip with John and Mavis my attitude altered. I realized that if John stopped smoking so his status. although his lost lung map would non be regained. ( Booker. 2005 ) will be slowed down ( Osman & A ; Hyland. 2005 ) . I became cognizant of the fact that I was in a premier place to assistance John in keeping his independency. to educate and to assist better John’s quality of life through wellness promoting and advice on smoking surcease. Although John decided non to give up this did non discourage me on giving wellness publicity advice on smoke. On speaking to other patients I took the chance to speak about halting smoking although I did non make this sharply ( Seedhouse. 2004 ) . This experience with John changed my feelings sing wellness publicity and smoke. Although I still feel slightly hypocritical. I acknowledge the importance of my place and how it can ease patients and their lives. I believe I understand the troubles patients face when trying to discontinue. possibly more than a womb-to-tomb non tobacco user. I will go on to supply smoking surcease advice throughout my preparation and besides throughout my calling. In decision this assignment has explained the pathophysiology of COPD through presenting a patient. It examined how this person has been affected holistically. Finally it demonstrated how an experience encountered altered an sentiment with aid from a brooding theoretical account. Mentions Alexander. M. F. . Fawcett. J. M. . & A ; Runciman. P. J. ( Eds. ) . ( 2004 ) . Nursing pattern infirmary and place – The grownup ( 2nd ed. ) . Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Adriaanse. H. . Van Reek. J. . Zandbelt. L. . & A ; Evers. G. ( 1991 ) . Nurses’ smoking worldwide. A reappraisal of 73 studies on nurses’ baccy ingestion in 21 states in the period 1959-1988. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 28. 361-375. Booker. R. ( 2005 ) . Chronic clogging pneumonic disease and nice guidelines. Nursing criterion. 19 ( 22 ) . British Lung Foundation ( 2005 ) . COPD. Retrieved March 14. 2006. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lunguk. org/copd. aspBritish Thoracic Society ( 1997 ) . 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Effective Communication in a Criminal Justice Settings Essay

In the criminal justice system, a police officer’s ability to communicate is one of the most important traits an officer can have. Police officers communicate with everyone from the public to peers, arrestees, victim and suspect families, and court personnel. A police officer must determine the most effective way to communicate, using several different methods, with everyone without offending or sounding weak. Public Announcements to the Press Police officers deal with the public on a constant basis. Many times, police officers will have to address the public in a professional, staged appearance. Public announcements can be in person, often live in front of news cameras, or a written statement the press uses to publish in the print media, website, or news broadcast. High-profile cases, riots, or inmate suicides are reasons a corrections officer may need to provide an announcement to the press. Upon making a public announcement, it is important for the corrections officer to speak directly to the audience and keep sentences short to avoid confusing the audience (Wallace & Roberson, p. 71, 2009). Usually, when giving a public address announcement, the press will follow up the message with questions of their own to clarify the remarks, or in an attempt to get additional information if the message is too vague. When a police officer speaks to the media publically, it is important for the officer to know his or her facts and be very keen on the topic (Wallace & Roberson, p. 79, 2009). If there was an officer involved shooting, the public and the media could care less to hear about the new patrol cars or k-9 unit. It is important to be punctual and understand the timeframe the speaker has to present his or her information to the media. The speaker should prepare him or herself by having notes or an outline to  follow, it is not a good idea to â€Å"wing it,† especially if the purpose for the public announcement is serious. A speaker’s appearance is important because the media and public could be critical and doubt the sincerity of the speech if the speaker fails to take the time necessary to look presentable. When a police officer provides a written announcement he or she needs to be as professional as possible. It is important to avoid the use of legal or technical jargon, slang, or words the audience may be unfamiliar with (Wallace & Roberson, p. 73, 2009). The print media may not have the time to contact the speaker and ask for clarification so it is important to use clear and concise language when providing written statements for the media. Testifying in court Effective communication in the courtroom is a necessary cog in the wheel of criminal justice. As a police officer, it is important to understand the importance of effective communication while presenting evidence or testifying in court. Defense attorneys will try to confuse try to make the officer second-guess his or her actions or the content of an incident report. An ill-prepared corrections officer may become impatient and exasperated if challenged by an aggressive defense attorney (Wallace & Roberson, p. 111, 2009). Police officers commonly make errors because of the lack of preparedness prior to taking the witness stand (Wallace & Roberson, p. 71, 2009). Police officers should meet with the attorney they are being summons by in order to read over their report and refresh their memory in preparation for the stand. If a police officer is set to testify during a trial, it behooves the officer to communicate with the prosecution to prepare for questions the Prosecution will ask, and potential questions the defense attorney will ask. When a police officer writes a report, it is essential to include important and necessary information. Police officers write various types of reports. However, the information contained in each type of report must be clear, concise, and honest. Future court cases may depend on information contained in an officer’s report as evidence in a criminal case (Miller & Whitehead, p. 4, 2011). Disciplinary review boards may rely on an officer’s incident report to determine if an officer operated outside his or her scope of duty. Prior to the court appearance, the police officer must analyze his or her report to enhance his or her preparedness for the trial. The court will not wait for the corrections officer to fumble through his or her notes. Preparedness will enhance the officer’s credibility with the jury; whereas, an unprepared and confused corrections officer may look incompetent to a jury, which may cause the jury to questions the validity of the events recorded in the report and the officer’s testimony. When a police officer testifies in court, it is not only essential but also the law to be honest in everything said. If the corrections officer does not know the answer, saying, â€Å"I do not know† is appropriate. If the police officer does not remember a specific event, it is appropriate to ask the judge to review notes or a copy of his or her report if he or she has one (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). However, reading the report word-for-word or taking too long to locate the answer to a question may cause the jury to doubt the truthfulness and competence of the officer. The jury may think, â€Å"you were there, how could you not remember?† The officer must never assume the next question, but wait for the defense or prosecuting attorney to ask the questions and provide an honest answer in a clear and loud voice. Effective communication applies to the back and forth conversation the police officer has with both the prosecutor and defense attorney. It is important for the police officer to understand the questions the attorneys ask (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is appropriate for an officer to ask for clarification if he or she fails to understand the wording of the questions (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). A police officer must remember the court records his or her testimony in a written transcript, and sometimes by audio recording. The officer must master communicating orally when testifying in court because a stenographer cannot and will not type hand gestures, nods, shrugs, etc. (Wallace & Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is important for the police officer to remember they are in a court of law, and he or she represents his or her agency. The police officer must show respect for the court, the judge, the prosecutor, and the defense  attorney. A jury may look poorly upon a rude, belligerent, and disrespectful officer. Disrespect for the court could result in administrative reprimand or contempt charges. Appellate courts use written trial transcript when they review a lower-court ruling. The appellate courts do not review or see new evidence; therefore, it is imperative for a corrections officer to do his or her part in practicing effective oral communication. A police officer appearance is also important when testifying in court. An officer’s appearance is the first thing a jury sees, and the jury will judge the officer on his or her appearance. An officer should have a clean, wrinkle free uniform shirt and trousers. The officer should have his or her shirt tucked in and shoes shined. A sloppy looking, unkept officer will look unfavorable on the jury, who may use that negative first impression when deciding the believability of the officer’s testimony. Communicating with Peers and the General Public Effective communication with peers in the general public is not only necessary but also life saving. Police officers tend to use their own â€Å"lingo,† or â€Å"cop-talk† to communicate with each other. Most non-law enforcement people are familiar with the term â€Å"Code 4,† which can mean, â€Å"Yes, okay, copy, etc.† Code 4 is one of a normal range of 13. Each number represents a message an officer uses instead of explaining word-for-word what they need. This abbreviated form of communication is known as â€Å"common code.† In police departments within the County of Boulder, Colorado departments use the common code. For instance, â€Å"code 4, code 5 with one† means an officer is okay with one person in handcuffs. Code 13 would mean â€Å"I need one additional officer as fast as possible.† Communicating with superior officers is also important. Higher-ranking officers in a police department supervise the officers. If there are ineffective rules or policies in place, it is the responsibility of the officer to follow the chain of command and provide feedback and possible suggestions on how to improve the ineffective policies. Police officers see the world differently from non-law enforcement citizens.  Police officers spend most of their day running from call to call. Experienced police officers have a different perspective on humanity; they often share and agree with those jaded views of society with fellow officers (Gilmartin, 2002). This can cause poor communication methods when speaking to the general public. It is easy to look at an arrestee and judge him or her as a â€Å"loser, a drug addict, or pervert.† Not all arrestee are guilty of their charges; everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. However, it is important for a police officer to put aside feelings of contempt and communicate with arrestees in a respectful and professional manner. Gilmartin (2002) stated, â€Å"Officers control 100% of their integrity and Professionalism. Everything else – policies, uniforms, required procedures, budget, assignments, organizational goals, and just about every other central aspect of the officer’s role, is controlled by someone else† (p. 80). Communicating with arrestees is different from communicating with people who are not under arrest or detained. Arrestees are under a great deal of stress because of their limited freedom and the unknown future that awaits them. Although difficult, it is important to remember the current situation of an arrestee when communicating with them, especially telling them they cannot do certain things. Many arrestee are not accustomed to somebody telling them â€Å"no.† Communicating with Peers and Juvenile Arrestees Communicating with peers in a juvenile arrestee situation is quite similar to communicating with peers in an adult situation. Clear and concise lateral communication is impotent between officers over radio transmission as well as face-to-face communication. A juvenile arrestee situation can be a dangerous setting even though the arrestees are usually under the age of 18. An officer must use careful consideration when dealing with juvenile offenders. Juvenile minds are not fully developed. Juvenile minds may also lack the comprehension to understand the seriousness of their actions. Most of the offenders do not think and act as adult offenders do; therefore, officers must try to communicate closer to their level. A police officer has to remember that a juvenile offender attains certain special rights when detained. The juvenile cannot be questioned without a lawyer or parent present. Many officers forget this note in many state laws and end up losing a case because admitted evidence is thrown out during trial. In conclusion,  police officers have a duty to themselves, their peers, arrestees, the courts, and the public to be effective communicators. Verbal and nonverbal communication skills are important to learn, and continue to improve upon. A police officer who learns to apply effective communication skills in his or her occupation will become a valuable asset within his or her department. The community will have more confidence in a department if they have confidence it the officers who represent it. Officers who communicate with different types of people will also gain the respect and trust of their peers and supervisors. References Gilmartin, K. (2002). Emotional Survival For Law Enforcement. Tucson, AZ: E-S Press. Miller, L., & Whitehead, J. (2011). Report writing for criminal justice professionals (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Wallace, H., & Roberson, C. (2009). Written and interpersonal communication: Methods for law enforcement (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Paul Rand’s Works in Relation to the New York School Essay

One of the most influential figures in American graphic design who had the exploration on the formal expressions of the European avant-garde art movements and had the development on only one of its kind and predominantly American graphic style which has the characteristics of being simple, witty and problem-solving rational approaches is Paul Rand. His major influences are on design consultation and of course in developing identity systems and logos for most important corporations such as IBM, Westinghouse, United Parcel Service, American Broadcasting Co. and NeXt Computer. Due to his revolutionary novelty in design, typography and graphic design Paul Rand’s works were easily recognized during the early twenties. His prominence in advocacy of employing a wide diversity of techniques such as typography, painting, collage, photography, and montage create a mixture of elements in production of a unique and modern visual image in his works in posters, magazine cover designs or corporate logo or identity design (Logo Designers 2007). As with the informal group of American poets, painters, dancers and musicians who were active during 1950s to 1960s in New York City which is called the New York School, it was synonymous with the abstract expressionist painting. They drew inspiration from Surrealism which features elements of surprise and unexpected juxtapositions also with the contemporary avant-garde movements considering by some to be a hallmark of modernism. Paul Rand was able to synchronize different techniques in different designs coming up innovation and excellence. With his typography, having the elements of balance, uniformity and equilibrium of spacing, he had successfully merged modern typography and nineteenth-century engravings presenting both visual and technical content. For a creation to be aesthetically appealing, Paul Rand never forgets the most common element which is simplicity. He was not afraid to break away from the conventional standards of typography and layout during the 1940s and used Swiss style in incorporating designs into his creations and experimented with other designs such as Cubism, Constructivism, the Bahaus, De Stijl and other modes of modern art with integration of different modes of art and styles into American visual culture. Like the New York School, Paul Rand’s attempt to be rebellious on the techniques and contemporary designs for his creations paved way to more accepting and recognizing designs. He became the standards in creating corporate logos having modernity, simplicity and ease of recognition. By pushing the boundaries to get the acceptance of being the norm or the status quo, principally in the cultural dominion works that are innovative or experimental will have a great response and effect to art, culture and politics. It does not basically focus on art but also with the other factors and considerations around the environment. Being philosophical, politically and socially aware made the New York School and Paul Rand as great contributors not just in the world of art and visuals but also with the total concern they had manifested in their works and what they had left for us. It is best to understand different techniques and take risks to make the most out of them. But what is most important is the fact that these techniques come from conventional and modern ideologies concerning different issues that are facing the community and the society itself. Paul Rand and the New York School link modernism and contemporary ideas.

Should Assisted Suicide be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Assisted Suicide be Legal - Essay Example John is hospitalized with cancer, death is imminent, and he is in excruciating pain that is not relieved by medicine. He begs his family and his doctors to end his life so he will no longer feel the pain. John has been diagnosed with a cancer that is not treatable and this cancer will take his life eventually. A medically hastened death that speeds up the process should be an alternative for John. The suffering of John cannot be understood by anyone else apart from John himself and to choose for death over life is not an easy option. Thus the decision of John implies a very important aspect of human suffering and if he wants to end his misery by ending his life, he should be permitted to do so as this is the only option left for him. With the development in the world, the human mind has broadened its perspectives. The spread of knowledge has enabled a person to know how human beings have evolved as well as to understand their position and rights in the society. Gone are the times whe n people used to be suppressed by their powerful counterparts. With this evolution the recognition of the self and civil liberties have been understood. People have reached to levels where they believe that they possess complete control of their lives to an extent that they can strongly advocate the fact that they can choose for death as an option and they consider this demand to be their due right. Pain and suffering is a feeling which is very difficult for a human being to bear. If a person feels that he has lost all hope of living a normal live and his life would only be filled with pain and suffering, he can opt for the decision like assisted suicide. It is extremely important that all options relating to the aspect of assisted suicide should be considered before legalizing it. It should be a practice which should be allowed for people but there should be a set of strict rules and regulations to check for all the aspects of the person before he opts for this option. This is beca use many people could opt for this method without any sound and important reasons. Thus a set of rules should be implemented along with the legalization of this method which must include thorough research on the life of the person who opts for assisted suicide. This should be followed by a confirmation of the fact that there is no way in which the condition of the patient can improve. The practice of assisted suicide has been met with much criticism by many groups. The religious groups argue against this practice very strongly. According to these religions human beings are not the judges of the lives of other human beings and thus euthanasia that is assisted suicide is an unethical issue. Moreover, these religions say that the individuals have to suffer as it has been written in their fate by God himself and human beings have no interference in killing these individuals and relieving them from pain. A person has to face all the difficulties and hardships that come in their way. Thus opting for assisted suicide is not justified according to the religious perspective (Bowie, 2001). The critics of Euthanasia have other concerns as well as they believe that following this practice may divert the professionals from their original line of work. The doctors and physicians were supposedly the ones who saved the lives of people and provided them the hope of living their lives and providing them with the best possible forms of treatment. Their function is not to kill them out of mercy. So if a doctor or

Marcoeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Marcoeconomics - Essay Example In periods of recession, economic activity drops down to almost null - at the end of both the consumers and the business owners; buying, selling, production and employment are at their lowest. The severity of recession is known as depression. When recession eases and the economy takes an opposite direction to take an upturn towards better financial prospects, there emerges the hope of recovery. It can be considered as the transition phase which leads to growth. As the trough advances towards the peak, the era of growth begins; the consumer confidence increases and business activity starts to pick up - since employment is generated, income of the citizens increase and hence increasing demand and hence production levels picking up and so the cycle continues. But, this activity period is coupled with increasing price levels. The boom does not last forever, even healthy economies face worst. Like recovery, this is a transition period where economy starts to move towards the bottom. Consumer purchases lowers, demand weakens and hence business activity starts to fall. There are multiple reasons that lead to changes in the levels of the economic activity - volatility of investment spending, momentum or follow the herd strategy of the consumers, technological innovation, varying inventory levels, fluctuation in government spending, effect of political conditions on business cycles, monetary policy, change in import and export situations, etc (Knoop, 2004)ii. The global financial crisis all started with the panic emerging in the banking system, with need to nationalize the banks. The credit system was affected with consumers and businesses facing difficulty in obtaining credit, housing market was highly affected. Thus, activity dropped hugely; there was fall in profits of many companies, pessimism and loss of confidence, net worth of businesses declined, and businesses precipitating into bankruptcies. This era can be characterized as Recession. (b) What are the key differences between the Classical and the Keynesian point of views Which of these frameworks has the Australian government been favouring in the global financial current crisis of 2008 and 2009 Classical economics believe that market will adjust itself and has its basis on Say's Law - people supply things to the economy and in return receive income to demand things of the value they have supplied. With regards to unemployment it is believed that unemployment is caused by excess supply due to higher wage levels. Classical economists therefore say that when left on its own, equilibrium wage levels will be achieved and economy will be at a full employment. In 1936, John Meynard Keynes, emphasized the role of the government for stabilizing the economic output over the different business cycle. He pointed out that the private sector decisions can lead to the inefficient macroeconomic outcomes, whereas public sector interference via monetary policy and fiscal policy can lead to positive outcomes. Since individuals and institutions, lead to micro level decisions which leads to economy operating below its potential output and growth. Therefore, economy should be stimulated by reducing interest rates, investing in the infrastructure by the government. This helps in economic activity to pick up. Cheaper credit will be available for businesses to fund their capital requirements