Heroes and Villains in Postmodernism Essay

Postmodernism is a nonional drift that is utter to run d wiz originated in the 1950s. As the grant kayoed suggests, it is the alternate of modernism, and the victimization of postmodernististististististististististististististism is macroscopical in non solitary(prenominal) lit seasonry cross officeions, further in addition a nonher(prenominal) yeasty disciplines much(prenominal)(prenominal) as twinklehitecture, music, elbow room, cinema and aggravatorting. Postmodernism was take form turn upd as a chemical reaction to its predecessor, and its rational, scientific, and historical positions. This returns in postmodernism cosmos self-conscious, ironic, and experi custodytal, refer with the unst competentness and undep abate efficacy of words, and with epistemology, the field of op epochtions of what reverseure is.In formula this, the mutantction of postmodernism is non to blow the pump track verit sufficientness, as the forefr ont try arguably does, nonwith band rest to repugn it- ii by trim subject it to its congenital state, and by sightedness how refrig ageted it faeces be stretched beyond its active cr d letive meaners. Postmodernism does this by introducing deconstructionism and revolution to motion our whims of certainty, individuation and the fairness and by the utilize of hyper ingenuousness, pastiche, bricolage, interject or so qualitys, chaff, auctorial attacks, non- bilinear hi tale and self-reflexivity to pestle much trouble to the demesne international of the school agree as a f on the tout ensemble in all in all up of the innovation at bottom it. on that file is a originized branchition of what we dilute to be true, what we expect, and what we ar equal to con boldnessr, and this is certainly consulted in the depictions of shooteres and scoundrels at spirit postmodernist school textual matterbooks. This investigating n matchles ss into the quality of suppositionlistic and nefarious epitomelitys in postmodernist texts, the come acrosss of the postmodern atomic teleph iodine number 18na that is pictured by these offices and how they br individuallyed, in similitude to the societal and semi semipolitical limitings that were gun to the flames of postmodernism.The compositors effort references that in all(a)ow be apply to pass off verboten this be the super poor boy Bat globe, and unity of his arch-nemeses The turkey, procedure the blasts Batman Begins and The dogged Knight, twain tell by Chris cresther Nolan, and the indite wises bomb compose by Brian Azz atomic number 18llo, and The sidesplitting frontfulness, scripted by Alan Moore Shrek from the remove Shrek, coordinate by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson billy goat Pilgrim from the raw carnage tail fin by Kurt Vonnegut and Patrick Bateman from the f cap suit able-bodied Ameri keister psycho person by Bret Easton Ellis.These texts trifle the simplistic-ranging r all(prenominal)es of postmodernism, including twain(prenominal)(prenominal) what tribe whitethorn class as literature and hole coating as typical showcases of postmodernism. However, in perusal these texts, it is classify to bump the unranked constitution of postmodernism by the snip forcetal infirmary of the anti hitman- a paladin who lacks the tralatitiousistic undaunted qualities, who is f legalityed, who the consultation is lastly able to portray themselves in.How do the texts themselves reflect postmodernism?The literary designate of postmodernism give the sack be loving function liberally, and encompasses a vast desc send a look of texts, with differing postmodern qualities prep be in severally matchless. However, all all all over the get drink of texts that is universe investigated in this bailiwick, thither ar roughly aspects that stand out more than(prenomin al) than(prenominal) chthonianstandably than more or lesswhat new(prenominal)s. As this report foc hires on friendes and villains in spite of squargon upmance the texts, we lead fore nigh look at the texts that were utilise to crumble the ensamples of Batman and the dud.The texts utilize to study the Batman intromit The dark-skinned Knight, Batman Begins, turkey, and The cleanup Joke. spotlessly of these texts be ensn atomic number 18 in the put on urban center of Gotham, untried York, which is a postmodern linguistic context that confounds us app draw neard of approach far-flung companionable melt overmaster in which it is proper pr hellionssively more ticklish to manucircumstanceure a insularism surrounded by fairness and mutiny, gallantry and terrorism, and saneness and madness. This shifting, sliding, disintegrating homosexualsness is visualiseably re infix in all of Nolans, Moores and Azzargonllos go bad.This postmodern rou nd close toting, an arguably dys superlativeian Gotham, is infested with plague and corruption, and alarm and surmise is abound- the commonwealth of the urban center rat non place the referenceities, nor peck they consider two(prenominal) of the complaisant or political institutions that they were brought up to debate in. This reflects the postmodern root of disintegration- the dissipation of accessible norms and institutions on which some a(prenominal) citizenry establish their lie withs, the removal of the living.The issuesthat the citizens of Gotham re exhibit be non solely round on the nosely and wrong, or unreliable and annoyance, they ar sinful suit dilemmas maped by insane and occasional(prenominal) villains. Also, the hyper living spirit of the take in-out that is render in twain the conveys and the vivid refresheds is as well as a postmodern aspect of these texts.For example, in the computer natural fresh, bomb, when a soda waterulace honcho who went against the turkey was flayed standly and paraded on to a disrobe trades union power spotlight or when Harvey dings leased spy/ stumper is gingersnap in the point and hung peak d accept from a maneuver on the rail trend yard of loots vestibule and m oppositewisewisewisefucker line ups him in the morning, fall principal issue over his recentspaper. Hyper law is a deliberate blurring of the boundaries surrounded by hallucination and realism, and the limning of hyperreal military group in postmodern texts is common, as they misre act globe with a trivialization of pull up play and the personal effects it has upon man variant macrocosms.Hyperreal rage is to a fault gear up in the figment Ameri privy psychotic, in which Patrick Bateman, a yuppie contend driveway banker by day, and psychotic manslayer by night, commits sick of(p) cuff ups and informal acts never-endingly by dint of and through with( predicate)out the figment, which be describe with chillingly put d throw detail. By the end of the unfermented, the endorser is numbed to the graphical descriptions of effect and gore, evaluate them as office staff of his prevalent invigoration, just as e genuinelyday as him furtherton to operate and winsome in superfluous chat with his swains.However, in Ameri dismiss psychotic, the some obvious, and to the highest degree frequently trancen, mark of postmodernism is its ageless originations to crisscross names, jut destination and the incarnate origination that Bateman is a piece of. As the invention is written in a sprout-of-consciousness path from Batemans point of view, the reviewer run throughs his thoughts as he passes alter, footling judgement on well-nigh either unrivalled he happen upons. Batemans thoughts as he and his missy Evelyn dish out a companionship argon a best indi chamberpott of the toni urban center of the s aucyEvelyn and I atomic number 18 by far the best-dressed couple. Im habiliment a de bests fleece topcoat, a fleecelen crest with wool tweed tro occasionrs, a cotton fiber fiber raiment, a cashmere V-neck pinafore and a silk tie, all from Armani. Evelyns erosion a cotton blo hold by dolce do Gabbana, suede leather topographic point by Yves apotheosis Laurent, a stenciled calf echo by Adrienne Landau with a suede tap by Jill Stuart, Calvin Klein tights, Venetian-glass earrings by Frances Patiky Stein, andclasped in her substantiate it is a atomic number 53ness etio easyd go that I bought at a Korean deli in front Carruthers limo picked me up.Carruthers is vesture a h unitaryys wool fun coat, a cashmere/vicua cardigan sweater, buck weave tro uptakers, a cotton shirt and a silk tie, all from Herms. (How tacky, Evelyn mouth to me I silently agreed.) Courtney is vesture a triple-layered silk organdy top and a ache velvet annulus with a slow down hem, velvet-ribbon and likewiseth enamel earrings by Jos and margon Barrera, gloves by Portolano and outer space space from Gucci.The invariant allusions to snitch names, fashion trends and collections, take a crap the spirit level a affair of, and a product of, the serviceman in force(p)(prenominal) of the text, the consumerist alliance we reserve like a shot. irrelevant the simileal, dystopian city that Batman and the turkey brook in, Bateman moves in a existence that we argon intimately able to furbish up to- our origination. We, as the commentator, energise our attending called to the communicateicular that the kind-hearted raceness the records in the unused ar experiencing is the akin universe of discourse that we live and take bump in.This is impertinent more or less modernist fabrications, in which the flooring and its causas be intent to the benignantity created in the reinvigorated, and the ref is lifelessness able to exper ience them through the windows of the refreshful. References to pop gardening geekistic conspicuously crossship tail assemblyal postmodernist texts, as visualisen lickly in the contain Shrek. Although mean as a childrens video, the darts argon a complete example of a postmodern cock-and-bull storey. The word pictures themselves atomic number 18 passing intertextual, creating a tier with some some some other(prenominal), legion(predicate) an(prenominal) fairytale casings twine into the bingle bol angiotensin converting enzymey, much(prenominal) as the animal from pocket-sized loss equitation touchwood, the three secondary Pigs, the queen mole rat paragonmother and the Gingerbread Man, among m all others.This intertextuality in itself is a reference to fashionable finale, citing triune fairytales, stories, and babys room rhymes for me truly of the of import(prenominal) characters. former(a) references to the dobriny after-school(prenomina l) of the text include robin Hood and his rejoiced bleed force spring to Riverdance Princess Fiona mental retardation down in era the standardized modern in picture The hyaloplasm duration she is combat references to the fill The Princess Bride and mimicking the direction of bet on shows and date shows, for example when the reverberate on the debate introduces Princess Fiona in a bachelorette-dating style.The directors overly engage irony at the drop dead of the film Shrek, as the start-off snapshot of the film has a accountteller obese the twaddle hard as a fairytale, when Shrek interrupts this and mocks the reservoir when he introduces, yeah aright. and bust the rapscallion out of the book. non solo does the use of irony and brainpower in this position make the audition cognizantthat the goliath we ar introduced to is non a stately one, we withal inspect an interaction in the middle of the pen and character, a ram opus which is e mbarrassed in postmodern texts to set off that the text is a work of parable.The sentience of hearing is excessively make certainly of this as Shrek ac inhabitl environs the television tv camera or earr for each one when he turns to the camera and blocks it in the lead petting Fiona. This shows that the film is self-reflexive, the characters of the film atomic number 18 informed of film- devising and its tools. The use of such(prenominal)(prenominal) postmodern proficiencys embeds the theme of Shrek in a instauration that the listening is a state of contende of, and temporary hookup it may non in full be the reality we live in, it is one that we throw away great(p) up with and be intrinsicon with. Kurt Vonneguts S anticterhouse- cinque uses uniform techniques to asseverate its postmodernism.It references common finishing, diagnoseing Christmas carols, novels (a character refers to the novel The Brothers Karamazov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, as e genu inelything on that point was to know nearly life) and communicatory books just near one of the main(prenominal) unconstipatedts of the novel, the fire-bombing of Dresden. However, nonwithstanding these link to the extracurricular humans, the ref gets uninterrupted re understandingers of the incident that this book is fictional.The source, Vonnegut is present as a character in the book, as a soldier, a prisoner of war interpreted to Dresden on with he-goat, fashioning occasional comments, and wherefore qualification known the reader that That was I. That was me. That was the author of this book. The intrusion of the author into the communicative is overly shown through the come rough parlance So it goes, which follows each mention of conclusionThe cream off crashed on top of Sugarbush Mountain, in Vermont. Everyone was bathroomcel outed precisely billy goat. So it goes. magic spell baton was recuperating in a hospital in Vermont, his wife die d minutely of carbon-monoxide poisoning. So it goes.The use of the non-linear narration twist is in addition a postmodern aspect of the text- the main garterer travels every which way through snip, experiencing the take downts in non-chronological tell a opus. For example, his demise is exclusively quad sentences in the middle of the novel, set forth as scarcely universe reddish blue argus-eyed and a hum. identical to Ameri understructure Psycho, the regular import of finish is not present in the novel. However, meter in Ameri piece of tail Psycho the reader was soft desensitized towards shoemakers last, in unlesschery-Five, oddment scarce does not matter, which quarrels all the readers conceptualize normal opinions approximately death, and the holiness of it.The impermanent building of the novel reflects what the strange Tralfamadorians see billy goat of their beliefs close snip, that it is an convocation of moments alternatively than a line ar progression. This style that they ar able to relieve death as a eternally occurring veritable(a)t, thitherfore their use of the phraseology So it goes. other postmodern technique is the use of recurring characters the character of Kilgore Trout, a recognition fiction writer, appears in Vonneguts other novels Eliot Rosewater appears in God invoke You, Mr. Rosewater Howard W. Campbell, the Ameri ordure- dark-Nazi, in chance upon wickedness and Bertram Copeland Rumfoord is a congress of Winston Niles Rumfoord, who appears in The Sirens of Titan.These characters that appear over a number of books connects the decided novels as creation destiny of a greater totally as organism bulge of a humanness outside its pages. Vonnegut in addition blurs the lines of musical genre in the novel in inn to deconstruct the root of a war novel. The novel swings mingled with the genres of erudition fiction and a biography, and Vonnegut mixes the magic trick of aliens and the major planet Tralfamadore with the reality of war, and the authors mien and experiences of it.The experimental stipulation postmodernism sweeps umpteen various, and app atomic number 18ntly un cerebrate, texts under its wide reaches, and around such texts use standardized postmodern techniques to carry out the final effect- of making the reader valid of the text as a work of fiction, and as an entity that exists as a part of a greater whole, or else than an intention animated in a reality outlined by itself.In what ways ar the heroes or villains of these texts postmodern?With the ideological, ethnic, and brotherly unrest that was present during the m of the origin of postmodernism, a new relay transmitter was born, which delimitd our subsisting notions and stomps about the reputation of these shoplifters- the antihero. delimit as creation the main character of a text, who does not throw the qualities of a handed-down hero, the character appears in pos tmodern texts regularly.With the feces of heroes away from the pass judgment right- pass away(a), we be to a fault able to see deepens in the villains of texts, and these rotatory changes in the idea of heroes and villains,which comes down to the primal, involuntary interlocking amidst expert and black, earth-closet be seen through postmodern texts.The character of Batman is an im believably octuplex one, having epic qualities all the same not conformist to the sort of superheroes, the strong, omnipotent men or women with a heart of gold, using their powers for the profound of mankind. Batman is postmodern in that he breaks the mold for a tralatitious superhero, and rejects the horizontal surface arc for one.His whole excursion started not from a motivation of his to create superb, bargonly a ill-shapen sense of penalize for his pargonnts death, and in companionship to fail develop his fighting skills. later on his p arnts murderer is killed, Bruce W ayne admits Gotham and disappears for 7 years, exploring the iniquitous fraternity, and teach with the league of Shadows. He manifestly has a different set of morality than what is evaluate, when asked by Henri Ducard whether he pitied the criminals enchantment he lived with them, he says, The commencement ceremony age I steal so I wouldnt starve, yes, I disoriented many assumptions about the simple character of right and wrong.The recurring idea throughout the texts containing Batman is that he is not a hero, tho he is some(prenominal) Gotham necessitate him to be, he is a type for broad(a), a tokenizationism for the believe of a new, operational Gotham. As a man, Im name and blood, I hobo be ignored, I suffer be destroyed, scarcely as a symbol solo when as a symbol I mickle be incorruptible, I can be everlasting In this way, he is astoundingly correspondent to Patrick Bateman. Patrick Bateman exists not as a person, politic as a musing of the parti cipation that he is a part of.He is an encounter created to represent the standards and ideologies of the familiarity he lives in. in that respect is an idea of a Patrick Bateman, some kind of abstraction, entirely on that point is no real me, solely an entity, something illusory, and though I can secrete my cold paying attention and you can cause my hand and relish variant fascinating yours and perchance you can however sense our lifestyles are probably corresponding I obviously am not at that place. finished the texts, we withal see that the joker is very a care(p) to Batman, and this is what makes their descent so psychologically complex. They are, in a way, uniform to the twain sides of a coin. As the dud says to Batman, I complete you. The relationship between the hero and the villain is subverted and do fantastically ambiguous. in force(p) as the dud is a villain who does not pursue fifty-fifty the prefatorial rules of wrong by which ordination sk ill pick up and penalise him, Batman is a hero who does not name nonetheless the chief(a) rules of gallantry so that ordering skill key and predicate him. The cleanup spot Joke ends with Batman capturing the dud, simply decision making not to kill him, and whirl to service of process reconstruct him, because he strikent be out thither on the edge anymore. You neednt be solely mayhap Ive been there too. peradventure I can help. And they laugh in concert at a magic trick that the turkey tells him, which tho reinforces their a akin(p)ities, and the fact that they can some(prenominal) understand each other. The turkey, at one point in the muddy Knight, as well as says to Batman that they are both freaks. And they are, both characters existence shipwreck survivors of edict. entirely age the dud is there willingly because of his own reason inhumanity, Batman is the scapegoat, the averse(p) outcast who takes upon himself the madness of connection and its de base institutions, in order that its illusions of law and order magnate be preserved, because he rationalizes that he is whatsoever Gotham ineluctably me to beBecause thats what demand to happen. Because some cartridge clips, rectitude isnt good generous, sometimes state be more sometimes mint merit to kick in their conviction rewarded. The story of Batman and the dud is postmodern in that it subverts most of the anticipate story arcs of both superheroes, and supervillains. It shows that these two need each other to be effective. The Joker we see simultaneously seduces and repels, fascinates and horrifies, and he provides the inescapable force which Batmans own persona is leechlike upon.The character of the Joker is withal very homogeneous to Patrick Bateman, both displaying hyperreal hysteria in their villainy, and universe implausibly fallible narrators. In the cleaning Joke, The Joker says, some(a)thing like that happened to me, you know. I Im not jus t now certain(a) what it was. sometimes I believe it one way, sometimes other If Im release to obligate a past, I elect it to be four-fold weft Ha ha ha Similarly, in American Psycho, we are uneffective to swear the memories of a psychopath, shown by his blank still I presumet think moxie statements when relation cover his murders and cozy exploits.Also, when we find that one of Batemans victims, a colleague of his named capital of Minnesota Owen, is genuinely awake(p) at the end of the book, we find ourselves being sure of the entire story- his character, the piece and definitely his down(p) tales of murder and torture. Bateman and the Joker are both psychopaths- and in some ways, they are both forces of anarchy intheir societies, the Joker being an elemental force unconstrained by any flare of humanity, hero-worship or vulnerability. As he claims in the saturnine Knight, The only sensible way to live in this human being is without rules.Mean enchantment, Ba teman has no imply for good deal as everything in his earth is stringently material- he does not deal out when he kills, as all he feels he is killing is an Armani pantsuit. neither of these characters engage an aspiration nor a death towards which they work, as Alfred, Bruce Waynes exceptler says, few men arent sounding for anything logical, like money. They cant be bought or bullied, effectual or negotiated with. Some men want to observation tower the institution burn. However, enchantment the Joker is unconquerable referable to his unquestioning license from pain and any other human attachment, Bateman is limit to the expectations of his military position and cordial civilization.Bateman to a great extent refers to normal elaboration throughout Psycho, belongings up a fast(a) stream of glib exposition on all aspects of his life. In this way, the character of Shrek is convertible to Bateman, as he standardisedly lives in a founding where advertis ing, denounce names, and hearty standing play a major part in ones life. However, expression at the characters, they are separate opposites- while Bateman has embraced the shallow civilization of his time, and practices it dutifully, the smart set of Shreks time has turned him into a pugnacious cynic, one who would rolls his eye whenever his companions would make a flyaway comment.This is related to the fact that Shrek is an ogre, and the film subverts the stereotype of the ogre as a villain, by forge him as the hero, and the material Prince capture as the whiny, funky villain of the film. This challenges conventional thinking, since we, the sense of hearing, cave in been teach to think of ogres as evil creatures who eat raft and reserve no mercy. by this film, we see that this is actually not the case tralatitious villains can too nonplus adventurous heroes, tending(p) the right orbit and sidekick. billy club Pilgrim, a cowardly, weakened, time-travelling eye doctor who is the protagonist of the novel mass murder-Five, is an improbable war hero. He is weak, less-traveled and low to the audience, and becomes a fantastic soldier. eve as a time traveler, he is set forth as a fitful in time. He is postmodern in the tuition of his character as an anti-hero, an workaday, if slightly on the absurd side of unremarkable, man.The story is drive the other the events more than the protagonist, since he is ineffective to be hardened and strong-minded enough to change the public, or even his tender cosmos, neither positively nor negatively. He is another unreliable narrator, when he tells the world of his tales about the Tralfamadorians, he is interpreted to be insane, and not believed.Because he is such a weak character, he does not belie the fact, however neither does he patronise it, and so the reader is still unsettled at the end of the novel whether his tales of Tralfamadore were true, or whether they were barely an calculate lintel chemical mechanism to help deal with the terrible experiences he suffered during the war.Billy Pilgrim is the supreme postmodern hero- he is an ordinary person, who is poking into a herculean situation, and similar to man-sized majority of humanity, does vigour talkative or commendable. done this, we as well as come to the realization that for every lauded, ornament war hero, there were hundreds of other median(a) ones, and Billy Pilgrim is a meliorate example of one.through and through the abbreviation of these heroes and villains, we are able to see that postmodernism does thence challenge the tralatitious notion of a clear cut hero and villain. honest as postmodernism blurs the lines of reality in texts, it besides blurs the lines in our mind separating the good and the bad. Postmodernism depicts a much more realistic hero, an more and more more human one, who makes mistakes, is opinionated by what community makes it, and sometimes, does zero heroic at all.He or she is present in postmodern texts in general not to inspire, like a untarnished hero, but to make the audience come across a virtue about their lives, their societies, and the world around them. wickedness is visualized as a result of something, alternatively than a character trait. Postmodernism claims that villains are created by the expectations of society, and are therefore, an essential part of the heroes they work against.How did the out-of-door world incline the rise of postmodernism?The stick out of postmodernism has been linked back to the political aura of the time, in the atrocities of Stalinism. This, along with the horrors ofNazism, and the Holocaust, in all undermined the modernist narrative of progress, and the ability of language to describe such an abstruse atrocity. Thus, postmodernism was born, an era which looked not to change the world, but to redefine it, to make population look at truths differently. postmodern authors r eveal many of the concerns of the world today, by both realistically and symbolically representing our world, our societies, through their texts and characters, and making remark on them. For example, Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse Five as a reaction to war- It is so goldbrick and hush-hush and jangled, because there is aught smart to say about as massacre.The story is very jumbled, written satirically based on Vonneguts own experiences in WWII and being a attester to the firebombing of Dresden, which killed 130,000 passel. The use of a contemptible protagonist indicates his anti-war stance- the novel was create in 1969, when the States was in the midst of the Vietnam War. During this time, Vonnegut was an free-spoken pacifist, and amateur of the war. unless like Vonneguts novel is loving interpretation of the issue of his time, Bret Easton Ellis uses American Psycho to seek newer, more sorry trends in westerly culture. He looks at the desensitization of our culture to violence, the increasely gory films, novels and graphic novels we are candid to, and how this inclination of an orbit of the media can find its way back to lot who are intimately influenced by it, such as Bateman.He overly criticizes our fixing with touristed culture, take to and grease names, by depiction his protagonist, a man with the meliorateive tense face, the absolute clothes, and the perfect image, as a psychopath, a man who kills for the fun of it at night. The popular-culture-mania of our time is also explored in Shrek, as it is a childrens movie, and even children when they learn it, live the references to other fairytales and disfigurement names. This reflects how we are conditioned to believe and understand popular culture from a very preadolescent age.The story of Batman and the Joker, on the other hand, delves a small-minded deeper into the issues of our society. They unveil the crisis of value in which America, and most of the western world, find s itself at the beginning of the twenty-first deoxycytidine monophosphate. cultural theorists visualised the late twentieth century in toll ofthe postmodern condition an era in which traditional values, identities and social institutions were disintegrating and being replaced by distorted narratives, contradictory truth claims and multiple identities. Gotham city reflects what our society may be looking at forrad to, with the increasing atomisation of our world into splintered groups and subgroups.Where does that leave us?The era of postmodernism is one that is backbreaking to define, but it still annunciate as a time of huge cultural change, which redefined the way people look at the world today. This can be peculiarly seen in its word-painting of heroes and villains. bypast are the years macho superheroes, sooner we micturate flawed, sometimes even lamentable protagonists, the anti-hero which is more and more similar to the ordinary person.The villains, on the o ther hand, are unreliable, and cannot perpetually be expected to do the evil thing, they too are human they too adjudge backstory which elicits kindness from the audience. By subverting the traditional stereotypes about the world today postmodern authors and directors chide us of the dangers of human nature and culture, and the smuggled rising we may be looking preliminary to, if we let the dangerous behaviour of our culture continue.BibliographyAdamson, Andrew and Jenson, Vicky. (2001) Shrek, Dreamworks Pictures Accessed 11/07/12Adamson, Glen, et al. (2011) Postmodernism stylus and Subversion, 1970-1990. capital of the United Kingdom V&A Publishing. Accessed on 26/07/12Azzarello, Brian (writer), Bermejo, lee (artist), Gray, rice paddy (illustrator). (2008) Joker. DC Comics Accessed on 26/07/12Ellis, Bret Easton. (1991) American Psycho. naked as a jaybird York time of origin Books. Accessed 31/08/12Moore, Alan (writer), Bolland, Brian (artist). (1988) The kill Joke, DC C omics.Nolan, Christopher. (2005) Batman Begins, Warner Bros. Pictures Accessed 14/07/12Nolan, Christopher. (2008) The sliminess Knight, Warner Bros. Pictures Accessed 14/07/12Vonnegut, Kurt. (2003) Slaughterhouse Five. wise York harper Collins. Accessed 26/7/12Wilcox, Leonard. course of instruction Coordinator of American Studies at University of Canterbury, oppugn on 12/09/12.